ºÑ­­ÑµÔÈѾ·ì´éÒ¹ÁÒµÃÇÔ·ÂÒ¹Ò¹ÒªÒµÔ (VIM 1993) µÍ¹·Õè 4
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     ÊÓËÃѺº·¤ÇÒÁºÑ­­ÑµÔÈѾ·ì VIM1993 µÍ¹·Õè 4 ¹Õé¨Ðà¡ÕèÂǡѺºÑ­­ÑµÔÈѾ·ìã¹ËÁÇ´·Õè 5 µèͨҡ©ºÑº·ÕèáÅéÇ à¡ÕèÂǡѺ¤Ø³ÅѡɳТͧà¤Ã×èͧÁ×ÍÇÑ´µèÒ§ æ ÁÒµÔ´µÒÁ¡Ñ¹¤ÃѺ

 

5. CHARACTERISTICS OF MEASURING INSTRUMENTS

5.1 Nominal Range
     Range of indications obtainable with a particular setting of the controls of a measuring instrument

     Range of indications obtainable with a particular setting of the controls of a measuring instrument

     NOTES

     1. Nominal range is normally stated in terms of its lower and upper limits, for example, “100 ðC to 200 ðC”. Where the lower limit is zero, the nominal range is commonly stated solely in terms of its upper limit: for example a nominal range of 0 V to 100 V is expressed as “ 100 V”.

     2. See 5.2 Note.

     ÂèÒ¹·ÕèÃкØ
     ÂèÒ¹¡ÒÃáÊ´§¤èÒ·Õèä´é´éÇ¡ÒûÃѺµÑé§à©¾ÒÐ㹡ÒäǺ¤ØÁà¤Ã×èͧÁ×ÍÇÑ´

     ËÁÒÂà˵Ø
     1. ÂèÒ¹·ÕèÃкØâ´Â·ÑèÇä»áÊ´§ã¹ÃÙ»¢Í§¢Õ´¨Ó¡Ñ´ÅèÒ§áÅк¹ µÑÇÍÂèÒ§àªè¹ “100 ðC to 200 ðC” ¡Ã³Õ·Õè¢Õ´¨Ó¡Ñ´ÅèÒ§à»ç¹ÈÙ¹Âì ÂèÒ¹·ÕèÃÐºØ â´Â·ÑèÇä»áÊ´§ã¹ÃÙ»¢Í§¢Õ´¨Ó¡Ñ´º¹ ÊÓËÃѺµÑÇÍÂèÒ§¢Í§ÂèÒ¹·ÕèÃкآͧ 0 V to 100 V áÊ´§à»ç¹” 100 V”

     2. ´ÙËÁÒÂà˵آéÍ 5.2

5.2 Span
     Modulus of the difference between the two limits of a nominal range

     EXAMPLE for a nominal range of -10 V to +10 V, the span is 20 V.

     NOTE

     In some fields of knowledge, the difference between the greatest and smallest values is called range.

     ªèǧÇÑ´
     »ÃÔÁÒ³¤ÇÒÁᵡµèÒ§ÃÐËÇèÒ§¢Õ´¨Ó¡Ñ´¢Í§ÂèÒ¹·ÕèÃкØ

     µÑÇÍÂèÒ§ ÊÓËÃѺÂèÒ¹·ÕèÃкآͧ -10 V to +10 V ªèǧÇÑ´¤×Í 20 V

     ËÁÒÂàËµØ ã¹¤ÇÒÁÃÙéºÒ§ÊÒ¢Ò ¤ÇÒÁᵡµèÒ§ÃÐËÇèÒ§¤èÒ·ÕèÊÙ§ÊØ´ áÅйéÍÂÊØ´àÃÕ¡ÇèÒ ÂèÒ¹

5.3 Nominal Value
     Rounded or approximate value of a characteristic of a measuring instrument that provides a guide to its use

     EXAMPLES
     a) 100 W as the value marked on a standard resistor;

     b) 1 L as the value marked on a single-mark volumetric flask;

     c) 0, 1 mol/L as the amount-of-substance concentration of a solution of hydrogen chloride, HCl;

     d) 25 ðC as the set point of a thermostatically controlled bath.

     ¤èÒ·ÕèÃкØ
     ¤èÒ·ÕèÍÂÙèÃͺ ËÃ×Í»ÃÐÁÒ³¢Í§ÊÁºÑµÔ¢Í§à¤Ã×èͧÁ×ÍÇÑ´·Õèà»ç¹á¹Ç·Ò§ã¹¡ÒÃãªé

     µÑÇÍÂèÒ§
     a) 100 W à»ç¹¤èÒ·ÕèÃкغ¹µÑǵéÒ¹·Ò¹Áҵðҹ

     b) 1L à»ç¹¤èÒ·ÕèÃкغ¹à¤Ã×èͧá¡éÇ¿ÅÒ«¡ì Ẻ¢Õ´à´ÕÂÇ

     c) 0, 1 mol/L à»ç¹»ÃÔÁÒ³¢Í§ÊÒ÷Õèà¨×ÍÍÂÙèã¹ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂäÎâ´Ãਹ ¤ÅÍäôì, HCl

     d) 25 ðC à»ç¹¤èÒµÑ駢ͧÍèÒ§·Õè¤Çº¤ØÁÍسËÀÙÁÔ

5.4 Measuring Range
     Working range set of values of measurands for which the error of a measuring instrument is intended to lie within specified limits

     NOTES
     1. “error” is determined in relation to a conventional true value.

     2. See 5.2 Note.

     ÂèÒ¹¡ÒÃÇÑ´
     ªØ´¤èҢͧÊÔ觶١ÇÑ´·Õè¤ÇÒÁ¼Ô´¾ÅÒ´¢Í§à¤Ã×èͧÁ×ÍÇÑ´·ÕèµÑé§ã¨¨ÐãËéÍÂÙèÀÒÂã¹¢Õ´¨Ó¡Ñ´

     ËÁÒÂà˵Ø
     1. “¤ÇÒÁ¼Ô´¾ÅÒ´” à»ç¹¡ÒÃËÒ¤èÒ·ÕèÁÕ¤ÇÒÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ì¡Ñº¤èÒ¨ÃÔ§·Õ赡ŧ

     2. ´ÙËÁÒÂà˵آéÍ 5.2

5.5 Rated Operating Conditions
     Conditions of use for which specified metrological characteristics of a measuring instrument are intended to lie within given limits

     NOTE The rated operating conditions generally specify ranges or rated values of the measurand and of the influence quantities.

     ÊÀÒÇСÒ÷ӧҹ·Õè¡Ó˹´
     ÊÀÒÇзÕèãªéÊÓËÃѺ¡Ó˹´ÊÁºÑµÔ·Ò§ÁÒµÃÇÔ·ÂҢͧà¤Ã×èͧÁ×ÍÇÑ´·ÕèÁØè§ËÇѧ¨ÐãËéÍÂÙèÀÒÂã¹¢Õ´¨Ó¡Ñ´

     ËÁÒÂà˵Ø
     ÊÀÒÇСÒ÷ӧҹ·Õè¡Ó˹´ â´Â·ÑèÇ仡Ó˹´ÂèÒ¹ ËÃ×Í¡Ó˹´¤èҢͧÊÔ觶١ÇÑ´ áÅлÃÔÁÒ³·ÕèÁÕÍÔ·¸Ô¾Å

5.6 Limiting Conditions
     Extreme conditions that a measuring instrument is required to withstand without damage, and without degradation of specified metrological characteristics when it is subsequently operated under its rated operating conditions

     NOTES
     1. The limiting conditions for storage, transport and operation may be different.

     2. The limiting conditions may include limiting values of the measurand and of the influence quantities.

     ÊÀÒÇТմ¨Ó¡Ñ´
     ÊÀÒÇÐÊÙ§ÊØ´·Õè·Õèà¤Ã×èͧÁ×ÍÇÑ´ ÊÒÁÒö·¹ä´éâ´ÂäÁèàÊÕÂËÒ ËÃÔàÊ×èÍÁÊÀÒ¾ÊÁºÑµÔ·Ò§ÁÒµÃÇÔ·ÂÒ àÁ×èÍ·Ó§Ò¹ÀÒÂãµéÊÀÒÇзÕè¡Ó˹´

     ËÁÒÂà˵Ø
     1. ÊÀÒÇТմ¨Ó¡Ñ´ÊÓËÃѺ¡ÒÃà¡çºÃÑ¡ÉÒ ¢¹Êè§ áÅСÒ÷ӧҹÍÒ¨¨ÐᵡµèÒ§¡Ñ¹

     2. ÊÀÒÇТմ¨Ó¡Ñ´ÍÒ¨¨ÐÃÇÁ¶Ö§¤èÒ¢Õ´¨Ó¡Ñ´¢Í§ÊÔ觶١ÇÑ´áÅлÃÔÁÒ³·ÕèÁÕÍÔ·¸Ô¾Å

5.7 Reference Conditions
     Conditions of use prescribed for testing the performance of a measuring instrument or for intercomparison of results of measurements

     NOTE The reference conditions generally include reference values or reference ranges for the influence quantities affecting the measuring instrument.

     ÊÀÒÇÐÍéÒ§ÍÔ§
     ÊÀÒÇСÒÃãªé·Õè¡Ó˹´ÊÓËÃѺ¡Ò÷´Êͺ¤ÇÒÁÊÒÁÒö¢Í§à¤Ã×èͧÁ×ÍÇÑ´ËÃ×ÍÊÓËÃѺ¡ÒÃà»ÃÕºà·Õº¼Å¢Í§¡ÒÃÇÑ´

     ËÁÒÂà赯 ÊÀÒÇÐÍéÒ§ÍÔ§ â´Â·ÑèÇä»ÃÇÁ¶Ö§¤èÒÍéÒ§ÍÔ§ ËÃ×ÍÂèÒ¹ÍéÒ§ÍÔ§ÊÓËÃѺ»ÃÔÁÒ³·ÕèÁÕÍÔ·¸Ô¾Å¨ÐÊ觼šÃзºµèÍà¤Ã×èͧÁ×ÍÇÑ´

5.8 Instrument Constant
     Coefficient by which, the direct indication of a measuring instrument must be multiplied to give the indicated value of the measurand or of a quantity to be used to calculate the value of the measurand

     NOTES
     1. Multirange measuring instruments with a single display have several instrument constants that correspond, for example, to different positions of a selector mechanism.

     2. Where the instrument constant is the number one, it is generally not shown on the instrument.

     ¤èÒ¤§·Õè¢Í§à¤Ã×èͧÇÑ´
     ÊÑÁ»ÃÐÊÔ·¸Ôì·Õè¤Ù³¡Ñº¡ÒÃáÊ´§¤èÒâ´ÂµÃ§¢Í§à¤Ã×èͧÁ×ÍÇÑ´ ·Õè¨ÐãËéä´é¤èÒ·Ò§ÍéÍÁ¢Í§ÊÔ觶١ÇÑ´ ËÃ×Í»ÃÔÁÒ³·Õèãªé㹡Òäӹdz¤èҢͧÊÔ觶١ÇÑ´

     ËÁÒÂà˵Ø
     1. à¤Ã×èͧÁ×ÍÇÑ´·ÕèÁÕËÅÒÂÂèÒ¹ â´ÂÁÕÊèǹáÊ´§¼Åà´ÕÂÇ ¨ÐÁÕ¤èÒ¤§·Õè¢Í§à¤Ã×èͧÇÑ´ËÅÒ¤èÒ·ÕèµÍºÊ¹Í§ µÑÇÍÂèÒ§àªè¹ µÓá˹觵èÒ§ æ ¢Í§¡Åä¡ã¹¡ÒÃàÅ×Í¡

     2. ¡Ã³Õ¤èÒ¤§·Õèà¤Ã×èͧÇÑ´à»ç¹Ë¹Öè§ â´Â·ÑèÇ仨ÐäÁèáÊ´§ã¹à¤Ã×èͧÇÑ´

5.9 Response Characteristic
     Relationship between a stimulus and the corresponding response, for defined conditions

  
     EXAMPLE the e.m.f. (electromotive force) of a thermocouple as a function of temperature.

     NOTES
     1. The relationship may be expressed in the form of a mathematical equation, a numerical table, or a graph.

     2. When the stimulus varies as a function of time, one form of the response characteristic is the transfer function (the Laplace transform of the response divided by that of the stimulus).

     ÊÁºÑµÔ¡Òõͺʹͧ
     ¤ÇÒÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ìÃÐËÇèÒ§ ÊÔ觡ÃеØé¹ áÅСÒõͺʹͧ»ÃÐÊÒ¹¡Ñ¹ ã¹ÊÀÒÇзÕè¡Ó˹´

     µÑÇÍÂèÒ§ ¤èÒ e.m.f. (áçà¤Å×è͹俿éÒ) ¢Í§à·ÍÃìâÁ¤Ñ»à»ÔÅ·Õèà»ç¹ÊÑ´Êèǹ¡ÑºÍسËÀÙÁÔ

     ËÁÒÂà˵Ø
     1. ¤ÇÒÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ìÍÒ¨¨ÐáÊ´§ã¹ÃÙ»¢Í§ÊÁ¡Ò÷ҧ¤³ÔµÈÒʵÃì µÒÃÒ§¤èÒ ËÃ×Í¡ÃÒ¿

     2. àÁ×èÍÊÔ觡ÃеØé¹á»Ãà»ç¹ÊÑ´Êèǹ¡ÑºàÇÅÒ ÃٻẺ˹Ö觢ͧÊÁºÑµÔ¡Òõͺʹͧ¤×Í ÊÑ´Êèǹ¡ÒÃÊ觶èÒÂ(¡ÒÃÊ觶èÒÂÅÒ»ÅÒ«¢Í§¡ÒõͺʹͧËÒôéÇÂÊÔ觡ÃеØé¹)

5.10 Sensitivity
     Change in the response of a measuring instrument divided by the corresponding change in the stimulus

     NOTE The sensitivity may depend on the value of the stimulus.

     ¤ÇÒÁäÇ
     ¡ÒÃà»ÅÕè¹á»Å§ã¹¡Òõͺʹͧ¢Í§à¤Ã×èͧÁ×ÍÇÑ´ËÒôéÇ¡Òõͺʹͧ¡ÒÃà»ÅÕè¹á»Å§ã¹ÊÔ觡ÃеØé¹

     ËÁÒÂà赯 ¤ÇÒÁäÇÍÒ¨¨Ð¢Ö鹡Ѻ¤èҢͧÊÔ觡ÃеØé¹

5.11 Discrimination (threshold)
     Largest change in a stimulus that produces no detectable change in the response of a measuring instrument, the change in the stimulus taking place slowly and monotonically

     NOTE The discrimination threshold may depend on, for example, noise (internal or external) or friction. It may also depend on the value of the stimulus.

     ÃдѺàÃÔèÁáºè§á¡
     ¡ÒÃà»ÅÕè¹á»Å§·ÕèãË­è·ÕèÊØ´ã¹ÊÔ觡ÃеØé¹·Õè¡èÍãËéà¡Ô´¡ÒÃäÁèÊÒÁÒöµÃǨ¨Ñº¤ÇÒÁà»ÅÕè¹á»Å§¢Í§à¤Ã×èͧÁ×ÍÇÑ´ ¡ÒÃà»ÅÕè¹á»Å§¢Í§ÊÔ觡ÃеØé¹à¡Ô´¢Öé¹ÍÂèÒ§ªéÒ áÅÐÍÂèÒ§à»ç¹·Ó¹Í§à´ÕÂǡѹ

     ËÁÒÂà赯 ÃдѺàÃÔèÁáºè§á¡ÍÒ¨¨Ð¢Ö鹡Ѻ µÑÇÍÂèÒ§àªè¹ ¤Å×è¹Ãº¡Ç¹(ÀÒÂã¹ áÅÐÀÒ¹͡)ËÃ×Í¡ÒÃàÊÕ´ÊÕ ÂѧÍÒ¨¢Öé¹ÍÂÙè¡Ñº¤èҢͧÊÔ觡ÃеØé¹´éÇÂ

5.12 Resolution (of a displaying device)
     Smallest difference between indications of a displaying device that can be meaningfully distinguished

     NOTES
     1. For a digital displaying device, this is the change in the indication when the least significant digit changes by one step.

     2. This concept applies also to a recording device.

     ¤ÇÒÁÅÐàÍÕ´ (¢Í§ÍØ»¡Ã³ìáÊ´§¼Å)
     ¤ÇÒÁᵡµèÒ§·Õè¹éÍ·ÕèÊØ´ÃÐËÇèÒ§¡ÒÃáÊ´§¤èҢͧÍØ»¡Ã³ìáÊ´§¼Å·ÕèÊÒÁÒöᡤÇÒÁᵡµèÒ§ä´éÍÂèÒ§ªÑ´à¨¹

     ËÁÒÂà˵Ø
     1. ÊÓËÃѺÍØ»¡Ã³ìáÊ´§¼ÅẺ´Ô¨ÔµÍÅ ¤×Í¡ÒÃà»ÅÕè¹á»Å§ã¹¡ÒÃáÊ´§¤èÒàÁ×èÍËÅÑ¡áÊ´§¼Å¤èÒ¹ÑÂÊӤѭ¹éÍÂÊØ´à»ÅÕè¹价ÕÅФèÒ

     2. ËÅÑ¡¡ÒùÕéÂѧ»ÃÐÂØ¡µì件֧ÍØ»¡Ã³ìºÑ¹·Ö¡

5.13 Dead Band
     Maximum interval through which a stimulus may be changed in both directions without producing a change in response of a measuring instrument

     NOTES
     1. The dead band may depend on the rate of change.

     2. The dead band is sometimes deliberately made large to prevent change in the response for small changes in the stimulus.

     ÂèÒ¹µÒÂ
     ªèǧ·Õè¡ÇéÒ§·ÕèÊØ´«Öè§ÊÔ觡ÃеØé¹ÍÒ¨¨Ðà»ÅÕè¹á»Å§·Ñé§Êͧ·ÔÈ·Ò§â´ÂäÁè¡èÍãËéà¡Ô´¡ÒÃà»ÅÕè¹á»Å§ã¹¡Òõͺʹͧ¢Í§à¤Ã×èͧÁ×ÍÇÑ´

     ËÁÒÂà˵Ø
     1. ÂèÒ¹µÒÂÍÒ¨¨Ð¢Ö鹡ѺÍѵÃÒ¡ÒÃà»ÅÕè¹á»Å§

     2. ÂèÒ¹µÒ ºÒ§¤ÃÑé§ÁÕਵ¹Ò·Õè·ÓãËéãË­è à¾×èÍ»éͧ¡Ñ¹¡ÒÃà»ÅÕè¹á»Å§ã¹¡ÒõͺʹͧµèÍ¡ÒÃà»ÅÕè¹á»Å§à¾Õ§àÅ硹éÍ¢ͧÊÔ觡ÃеØé¹

5.14 Stability
     Ability of a measuring instrument to maintain constant its metrological characteristics with time

     NOTES
     1. Where stability with respect to a quantity other than time is considered, this should be stated explicitly.

     2. Stability may be quantified in several ways, for example:

     - in terms of the time over which a metrological characteristic changes by a stated amount, or

     - in terms of the change in a characteristic over a stated time.

     ¤ÇÒÁ¤§·Õè
     ¤ÇÒÁÊÒÁÒö¢Í§à¤Ã×èͧÁ×ÍÇÑ´ ·Õè¨ÐÃÑ¡ÉÒ¤èÒ¤§·ÕèÊÁºÑµÔ·Ò§ÁÒµÃÇÔ·ÂÒà·Õº¡ÑºàÇÅÒ

     ËÁÒÂà˵Ø
     1. ËÒ¡¤ÇÒÁ¤§·Õè¾Ô¨ÒóÒà·Õº¡Ñº»ÃÔÁҳ᷹·Õè¨Ðà»ç¹àÇÅÒ ¡Ã³Õ¹ÕéµéͧÃкØãËéá¹èªÑ´

     2. ¤ÇÒÁ¤§·ÕèÍÒ¨¨ÐËÒ»ÃÔÁÒ³ä´éËÅÒ·ҧ µÑÇÍÂèÒ§àªè¹

     - ã¹ÃÙ»¢Í§àÇÅÒµÅÍ´ªèǧ·ÕèÊÁºÑµÔ·Ò§ÁÒµÃÇÔ·ÂÒà»ÅÕè¹á»Å§ã¹»ÃÔÁÒ³·ÕèÃÐºØ ËÃ×Í

     - ã¹ÃÙ»¢Í§¡ÒÃà»ÅÕè¹á»Å§ÊÁºÑµÔã¹àÇÅÒ·ÕèÃкØ

5.15 Transparency
     Ability of a measuring instrument not to alter the measurand

     EXAMPLES
     a) a mass balance is transparent;

     b) a resistance thermometer that heats the medium whose temperature it is intended to measure is not transparent.

     ¤ÇÒÁâ»Ãè§ãÊ
     ¤ÇÒÁÊÒÁÒö¢Í§à¤Ã×èͧÁ×ÍÇÑ´·ÕèäÁèÁÕà»ÅÕè¹á»Å§µÑǶ١ÇÑ´

     µÑÇÍÂèÒ§àªè¹
     a) à¤Ã×èͧªÑ觹éÓ˹ѡ¹Ñé¹â»Ãè§ãÊ

     b) à·ÍÃìâÁÁÔàµÍÃìẺ¤ÇÒÁµéÒ¹·Ò¹·Õè·ÓãËéµÑÇ¡ÅÒ§·ÕèÇÑ´ÍسËÀÙÁÔÃé͹¹ÕéäÁèâ»Ãè§ãÊ

5.16 Drift
     Characteristic slow change of a metrological of a measuring instrument

     àÅ×è͹
     ÊÁºÑµÔ·Ò§ÁÒµÃÇÔ·ÂÒ·Õè¤èÍ æ à»ÅÕ蹢ͧà¤Ã×èͧÁ×ÍÇÑ´

5.17 Response Time
     Time interval between the instant when a stimulus is subjected to a specified abrupt change and the instant when the response reaches and remains within specified limits around its final steady value

     àÇÅҵͺʹͧ
     ªèǧàÇÅÒÃÐËÇèÒ§¢³Ð·ÕèÊÔè§àÃéÒ¶Ù¡»é͹ãËéà»ÅÕè¹á»Å§ÍÂèÒ§·Ñ¹·ÕµÒÁ·ÕèÃкØäÇé ¡Ñº¢³Ð·Õè¼ÅµÍºÊ¹Í§ÁÕ¤èÒ¶Ö§ áÅФ§ÍÂÙèã¹¢Õ´¨Ó¡Ñ´Ãͺ¤èÒÊØ´·éÒÂ

5.18 Accuracy of a measuring instrument
     Ability of a measuring instrument to give responses close to a true value

     NOTE “Accuracy” is a qualitative concept.
     ¤ÇÒÁ¶Ù¡µéͧ¢Í§à¤Ã×èͧÁ×ÍÇÑ´
     ¤ÇÒÁÊÒÁÒö¢Í§à¤Ã×èͧÁ×ÍÇÑ´·ÕèãËé¡Òõͺʹͧã¡Åéà¤Õ§¡Ñº¤èÒ¨ÃÔ§

     ËÁÒÂà赯 “¤ÇÒÁ¶Ù¡µéͧ” à»ç¹á¹Ç¤Ô´·Ò§¤Ø³ÊÁºÑµÔ

5.19 Accuracy Class
     Class of measuring instruments that meet certain metrological requirements that are intended to keep errors within specified limits

     NOTE An accuracy class is usually denoted by a number or symbol adopted by convention and called the class index.

     ÃдѺªÑ鹤ÇÒÁ¶Ù¡µéͧ
     ÃдѺªÑ鹢ͧà¤Ã×èͧÁ×ÍÇÑ´·ÕèµÃ§¡Ñº¢éÍ¡Ó˹´´éÒ¹ÁÒµÃÇÔ·ÂÒ·Õè¡Ó˹´·ÕèÁØè§ËÇѧ¨ÐÃÑ¡ÉÒ¤ÇÒÁ¼Ô´¾ÅÒ´ÀÒÂã¹¢Õ´¨Ó¡Ñ´·Õè¡Ó˹´

     ËÁÒÂà赯 â´ÂÁÒ¡ ÃдѺªÑ鹤ÇÒÁ¶Ù¡µéͧÁÑ¡áÊ´§´éÇÂàÅ¢ ËÃ×ÍÊÑ­ÅѡɳìµÒÁ·Õ赡ŧ¡Ñ¹ áÅÐàÃÕ¡ÇèÒ ´Ñª¹ÕÃдѺªÑé¹

5.20 Error (of indication) of a measuring instrument
     indication of a measuring instrument minus a true value of the corresponding input quantity

     NOTES
     1. Since a true value cannot be determined, in practice a conventional true value is used (see 1. 19 and 1.20).

     2. This concept applies mainly where the instrument is compared to a reference standard. 3 For a material measure, the indication is the value assigned to it.

     ¤ÇÒÁ¼Ô´¾ÅÒ´ (¢Í§¡ÒÃáÊ´§¤èÒ) ¢Í§à¤Ã×èͧÁ×ÍÇÑ´
     ¡ÒÃáÊ´§¤èҢͧà¤Ã×èͧÁ×ÍÇÑ´ źÍÍ¡¨Ò¡¤èÒ¨ÃÔ§¢Í§¡Òõͺʹͧ»ÃÔÁÒ³»é͹à¢éÒ

     ËÁÒÂà˵Ø
     1. àÁ×èͤèÒ¨ÃÔ§äÁèÊÒÁÒöÇÑ´ä´é ã¹·Ò§»¯ÔºÑµÔãªé¤èÒ¨ÃÔ§·Õ赡ŧ¡Ñ¹ (´Ù 1.19 áÅÐ1.20)

     2. â´ÂËÅÑ¡ á¹Ç¤ÇÒÁ¤Ô´¹Õé»ÃÐÂØ¡µì¡Ñº¡ÒÃÇÑ´à»ÃÕºà·Õº¡ÑºÁҵðҹÍéÒ§ÍÔ§

     3. ÊÓËÃѺ¡ÒÃÇÑ´ÇÑÊ´Ø ¡ÒÃáÊ´§¤èÒ¤×Í¡ÒáÓ˹´¤èÒãËé

5.21 Maximum Permissible Errors (of a measuring instrument)
     Limits of permissible error (of a measuring instrument) extreme values of an error permitted by specifications, regulations, etc. for a given measuring instrument

     ¤ÇÒÁ¼Ô´¾ÅÒ´ÊÙ§ÊØ´·ÕèÂÍÁä´é (¢Í§à¤Ã×èͧÁ×ÍÇÑ´)
     ¢Õ´¨Ó¡Ñ´¢Í§¤ÇÒÁ¼Ô´¾ÅÒ´·ÕèÂÍÁä´é (¢Í§à¤Ã×èͧÁ×ÍÇÑ´) ¤èÒÊÙ§ÊØ´¢Í§¤ÇÒÁ¼Ô´¾ÅÒ´·ÕèÂÍÁâ´Â ¢éÍÁÙŨÓà¾ÒÐ ¢éͺѧ¤Ñº ÏÅÏ ÊÓËÃѺà¤Ã×èͧÁ×ÍÇÑ´

5.22 Datum Error (of a measuring instrument)
     Error of a measuring instrument at a specified indication or a specified value of the measurand, chosen for checking the instrument
     ¢éÍÁÙŤÇÒÁ¼Ô´¾ÅÒ´ (¢Í§à¤Ã×èͧÁ×ÍÇÑ´)
     ¤ÇÒÁ¼Ô´¾ÅÒ´¢Í§à¤Ã×èͧÁ×ÍÇÑ´·ÕèµÓá˹觷Õè¡Ó˹´ ËÃ×ͤèÒ·Õè¡Ó˹´¢Í§µÑǶ١ÇÑ´·ÕèàÅ×Í¡ ÊÓËÃѺµÃǨÊͺà¤Ã×èͧÁ×Í

5.23 Zero Error (of a measuring instrument)
     Datum error for zero value of the measurand

     ¤èÒ¼Ô´¾ÅÒ´ÈÙ¹Âì (¢Í§à¤Ã×èͧÁ×ÍÇÑ´)
     ¢éÍÁÙŤÇÒÁ¼Ô´¾ÅÒ´¢Í§¤èÒÈÙ¹Âì¢Í§µÑǶ١ÇÑ´

5.24 Intrinsic Error (of a measuring instrument)
     Error of a measuring instrument, determined under reference conditions

     ¤ÇÒÁ¼Ô´¾ÅÒ´ÀÒÂã¹ (¢Í§à¤Ã×èͧÁ×ÍÇÑ´)
     ¤ÇÒÁ¼Ô´¾ÅÒ´¢Í§à¤Ã×èͧÁ×ÍÇÑ´ ÇÑ´ÀÒÂãµéÊÀÒÇÐÍéÒ§ÍÔ§

5.25 Bias (of a measuring instrument)
     Systematic error of the indication of a measuring instrument

     NOTE The bias of a measuring instrument is normally estimated by averaging the error of indication over an appropriate number of repeated measurements.

     ¤ÇÒÁâ¹éÁàÍÕ§ (¢Í§à¤Ã×èͧÁ×ÍÇÑ´)
     ¤ÇÒÁ¼Ô´¾ÅÒ´Ãкº¢Í§¡ÒÃáÊ´§¤èҢͧà¤Ã×èͧÁ×ÍÇÑ´

     ËÁÒÂà˵ؠ ¤ÇÒÁâ¹éÁàÍÕ§¢Í§à¤Ã×èͧÁ×ÍÇÑ´ â´Â·ÑèÇä»»ÃÐÁÒ³´éÇ¡ÒÃà©ÅÕè¤ÇÒÁ¼Ô´¾ÅÒ´¢Í§¡ÒÃáÊ´§¤èÒ´éǨӹǹ¡ÒÃÇÑ´«éÓ·ÕèàËÁÒÐÊÁ

5.26 Freedom from bias (of a measuring instrument)
     Ability of a measuring instrument to give indications free from systematic error

     ¤ÇÒÁ»ÃÒȨҡ¤ÇÒÁâ¹éÁàÍÕ§ (¢Í§à¤Ã×èͧÁ×ÍÇÑ´)
     ¤ÇÒÁÊÒÁÒö¢Í§à¤Ã×èͧÁ×ÍÇÑ´·Õè¨ÐºÍ¡¤èÒâ´Â»ÃÒȨҡ¤ÇÒÁ¼Ô´¾ÅÒ´Ãкº

5.27 Repeatability (of a measuring instrument)
     Ability of a measuring instrument to provide closely similar indications for repeated applications of the same measurand under the same conditions of measurement

     NOTES
     1. These conditions include:
     - reduction to a minimum of the variations due to the observer
     - the same measurement procedure
     - the same observer
     - the same measuring equipment, used under the same conditions
     - the same location
     - repetition over a short period of time.

     2. Repeatability may be expressed quantitatively in terms of the dispersion characteristics of the indications.
     ¤ÇÒÁÊÒÁÒö«éÓ¤èÒà´ÔÁ (¢Í§à¤Ã×èͧÁ×ÍÇÑ´)
     ¤ÇÒÁÊÒÁÒö¢Í§à¤Ã×èͧÁ×ÍÇÑ´·Õè¨ÐãËé¡ÒÃáÊ´§¤èÒ·Õèã¡Åéà¤Õ§¡Ñ¹ã¡Åé¡Ñ¹ ÊÓËÃѺ¡ÒôÓà¹Ô¹¡ÒáѺµÑǶ١ÇÑ´à´ÕÂǡѹÀÒÂãµéÊÀÒÇСÒÃÇÑ´à´ÕÂǡѹ

     ËÁÒÂà˵Ø
     1. ÊÀÒÇÐàËÅèÒ¹Õé»ÃСͺ´éÇÂ
     -Å´¤ÇÒÁá»Ã¼Ñ¹¨Ò¡¼Ù黯ԺѵÔãËé¹éÍ·ÕèÊØ´
     -¢Ñ鹵͹¡ÒÃÇÑ´à´ÕÂǡѹ
     -¼Ù黯ԺѵԤ¹à´ÕÂǡѹ
     -à¤Ã×èͧÁ×ÍÇÑ´à¤Ã×èͧà´ÕÂǡѹ ãªé§Ò¹ÀÒÂãµéÊÀÒÇÐà´ÕÂǡѹ
     -¾×é¹·Õèà´ÕÂǡѹ
     -·Ó«éÓ´éÇÂàÇÅÒÍѹÊÑé¹

     2. ¤ÇÒÁÊÒÁÒö«éÓ¤èÒà´ÔÁÍÒ¨¨ÐáÊ´§à»ç¹»ÃÔÁÒ³ã¹ÃÙ»¢Í§ÅѡɳСÒáÃШÒ¢ͧ¡ÒÃáÊ´§¤èÒ

5.28 Fiducial Error (of a measuring instrument)
     Error of a measuring instrument divided by a value specified for the instrument

     NOTE The specified value is generally called the fiducial value, and may be, for example, the span or the upper limit of the nominal range of the measuring instrument

     ¤ÇÒÁ¼Ô´¾ÅÒ´·Õèàª×èͶ×Íä´é (¢Í§à¤Ã×èͧÁ×ÍÇÑ´)
     ¤ÇÒÁ¼Ô´¾ÅÒ´¢Í§à¤Ã×èͧÁ×ÍÇÑ´ ËÒôéǤèÒ·Õè¡Ó˹´ÊÓËÃѺà¤Ã×èͧÇÑ´

     ËÁÒÂà赯 ¤èÒ·Õè¡Ó˹´ â´Â·ÑèÇä»àÃÕ¡ÇèÒ¤èÒ·Õèàª×èͶ×Íä´é áÅÐÍÒ¨¨Ð ¡µÑÇÍÂèÒ§àªè¹ ªèǧÇÑ´ ËÃ×Í¢Õ´¨Ó¡Ñ´º¹¢Í§ÂèÒ¹·ÕèÃкآͧà¤Ã×èͧÁ×ÍÇÑ´